نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری
نویسندگان
1 گروه علوم دامی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران
2 پژوهشکده میگوی کشور، مؤسسه تحقیقات علوم شیلاتی کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی (AREEO)، بوشهر، ایران
10.30473/eab.2025.73409.1977
چکیده
در آبزی‌پروری، پیشگیری از بیماری از طریق حذف، ریشه‌کنی و کنترل پرورشی راه‌کارهایی ناکارآمد، پرهزینه و ناپایدار هستند. برنامه‌های اصلاح نژادی برای بهبود ژنتیکی مقاومت به بیماری باعث کنترل طولانی‌مدت بیماری می‌شوند. انتخاب تودهای از بازماندگان در استخرهای آلوده از روش‌های کلاسیک برای بهبود مقاومت به بیماری می‌باشد. در این روش، با جمع‌آوری بازماندگان از استخرهای آلوده به ویروس و پس از چند نسل انتخاب، افزایش میزان بازماندگی ایجاد می‌‌شود. روش دیگر، استفاده از آزمایش مواجههسازی با بیماری است که با در معرض قراردادن خانواده‌های مختلف با ویروس زنده، خانواده‌های برتر انتخاب می‌شوند. روش‌های ژنتیکی مدرن برای مقاومت به بیماری شامل استفاده از نشانگرهای ریزماهواره، مطالعات گسترده ارتباط ژنومی (GWAS)، انتخاب ژنومی (GS) و کریسپر (CRISPR) می‌‌باشند که در این مقاله بررسی می‌شوند. از نشانگرهای ریزماهواره برای تعیین ژنوتیپ مولدین و نظارت بر تنوع ژنتیکی جمعیت‌ها استفاده می‌‌شود. مطالعات گسترده ارتباط ژنومی با بررسی ارتباط ژنوتیپ و فنوتیپ باعث شناسایی مناطق ژنومی مؤثر بر مقاومت به بیماری می‌شوند. انتخاب ژنومی پیشرفتهترین روش برای استفاده در برنامه‌های اصلاح نژادی آبزی‌پروری می‌باشد. ویرایش ژنوم با واسطه کریسپر و تراریختی با ژن‌های پپتید ضد میکروبی (AMGs) روی سیستم ایمنی ذاتی ماهی مؤثر است. توسعه لاین‌های مقاوم در برابر بیماری‌های خاص و کراسینگ آن‌ها برای تولید هیبرید از راه‌کارهای در دسترس و تولید ماهی تراریخته مقاوم به بیماری به‌عنوان دورنمای بهبود مقاومت به بیماری در آبزیان می‌‌باشند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
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