Experimental animal Biology

In collaboration with Payame Noor University and Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Peer Review Process

Journal Metrics

News

The effects of stocking density on some blood and serum biochemical indices of goldfish Carassius auratus

Document Type : Article

Authors

1 Instructor, International Hamoon Wetland Research Institute, University of Zabol, Iran

2 Former M. Sc. Student, Department of Fisheries, Faculity of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Iran

Abstract

Abstract
In this study, the effect of stocking density on some hematological (Red and white blood cells) and serum biochemical parameters (Glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, inorganic phosphorus, calcium and magnesium, enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase and cortisol) of Carassius auratus was investigated. Fish with average weight 200±18 g were stocked randomly into 6 tank with triplicate in two treatments for a 30-day period and were submitted to different stocking densities: low density (T1, 10 kg/m3) and high density (T2, 45 kg/m3). At the end of the trial, Fish from each group were selected and their blood was collected and the following parameters were analyzed. Fish held at high density showed significant higher levels of cortisol, glucose and alkaline phosphatase (23±0.4 ng/dl, 52±3.2 mg/dl and 93.2±8.1U/L, respectively) compared with those held at low density (36±0.9 ng/dl, 83±5.2 mg/dl and 61.2±6.3U/L, respectively), while the levels of triglycerides significantly decreased with increasing density (PP 

Highlights


Aalimahmoudi, M.; Salehipour Bavarsad, S.; Moghdani, S.; (2015). Effect of different stocking densities on haematological and biochemical parameters of great sturgeon juveniles (Huso huso Linnaeus, 1758). Res. Opin. Anim. Vet. Sci; 5: 348-352.

Ajani, E.K; Setufe, S.B.; Oyebola, O.O.; (2015). Effects of stocking density on haematological functions of juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed varying crud protein levels. Afr. J. Food Sci.; 9: 65-69.

Almeida, J.S.; Meletti, P.C.; Martinez, C.B.; (2005). Acute effects of biochemical parameters of the neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus. Comp Biochem Physiol; 140: 356-363.

Ardiansyah, Fotedar, R.; (2016). Water quality, growth and stress responses of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer Bloch), reared at four different densities in integrated recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquaculture; 458: 113-120.

Ashley, PJ.; (2007). Fish welfare: current issues in aquaculture. Appl Anim Behav Sci; 104: 199-235.

Barcellos, L.J.G.; Volpato, G.L.; Barreto, R.E.; Coldebella, I.; Ferreira, D.; (2011). Chemical communication of handling in fish. Physiol. Behav. 103, 372-375

Barton, B.A.; (2002). Stress in fish: a diversity of response with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integr Comp Biol; 42: 517-525.

Binuramesh, R.; Michael, D.; (2011) Diel variations in selected serum immune parameters in Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol; 30: 824-829

Bolasina, S.; Tagawa, M.; Yamashita, Y.; Tanaka, M.; (2006). Effect of stocking density on growth, digestive enzyme activity and cortisol level in larvae and juveniles of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture; 259: 432-443.

Caipang, C.M.E.; Brinchmann, M.F.; Kiron, V.; (2009). Short-term crowding stress in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L. modulates the humoral immune response. Aquaculture; 295: 110-115.

Calabrese, S.; Nilsen, T.O.; Kolarevic, J.; Ebbesson, L.O.E.; Pedrosa, C.; Fivelstad, S.; Hosfeld, C.; Stefansson, S.O.; Terjesen, B.F.; Takle, H.; Martins, C.I.M.; Sveier, H.; Mathisen, F.; Imsland, AK.; Handeland, SD.; (2017). Stocking density limits for post- molt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) with emphasis on production performance and welfare. Aquaculture; 468: 363-370.

El-Khaldi, A.T.F.; (2010). Effect of different stress factors on some physiological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Sau J of Biol Science; 17: 241-246.

Ellis, T.; North, B.; Scott, AP.; Bromage, N.R.; Porter, M.; Gadd, D.; (2002). The relationships between stocking density and welfare in farmed rainbow trout. Fish Biol; 61: 493-531.

Espelid, S.; Lokken GB.; Steiro, K.; Bogwald, J.; (1996). Effects of cortisol and stress on the immune system in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol; 6: 95-100.

Geven, E.J.W.; Verkaar, F.; Flik, G.; Klaren, P.H.M.; (2006). Experimental hyperthyroidismand central mediators of stress axis and thyroid axis activity in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). J. Mol. Endocrinol; 37: 443-452.

Hasanalipour, A.; Eagderi, S.; Poorbagher, H.; Bahmani, M.; (2013). Effects of stocking density on blood cortisol, glucose and cholesterol levels of immature Siberian Sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869). Turk J Fish Aquat Sci; 13: 01-06.

Herrera, M.; Ruiz-Jarabo, I.; Hachero, I.; Vargas-Chacoff, L.; Amo, A.; Mancera, J.M.; (2012). Stocking density affects growth and metabolic parameters in the brill (Scophthalmus rhombus). Aquac. Int; 20: 1041-1052.

Hoseini, S.M.; Nodeh, A.J., (2013). Changes in blood biochemistry of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus), following exposure to different concentrations of clove solution. Comp Clin Pathol; 22: 9-13.

Hoseini, S.M.; Yousefi, M.; Rajabiesterabadi, H.; Paktinat, M.; (2014). Effect of short-term (0–72 h) fasting on serum biochemical characteristics in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Appl Ichthyol; 30: 569-573.

Iwama, G K.; Vijayan, M M.; Forsyth, RB.; Ackerman, PA.; (1999). Heat shock proteins and physiological stress in fish. Am Zool, 39: 901-909.

Kebus, M.J.; Collins, M.T.; Brownfield, M.S.; Amundson, C.H.; Kayes, T.B.; Malison, JA.; (1992). Effects of rearing density on the stress response and growth of rainbow trout. J. Aquat Anim Health; 4: 1-6.

Kpundeh, M.D.K.; He, J.; Qiang, J.; Hong, Y.; Xu, P.; (2014). Stocking densities and zero culture-water exchange can modulate growth and hemato- immunological functions in juvenile GIFT strain Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Inte J life Scien Res, 2: 114-126.

Kerr, M.G.; (2008). Veterinary laboratory medicine: Clinical biochemistry and haematology. 2nd Edition. Blackwell Science Ltd, London, 368 pp.

Lall, S.P.; (2002). The minerals. In: Fish nutrition, 3rd edn. J. E. Halver and R. W. Hardy (Eds). Academic Press, London, pp. 259-308.

Li, D.; Liu, Z.; Xie, C.; (2012). Effect of stocking density on growth and serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and cortisol in Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii). Fish Physiol Biochem; 38: 511-520.

Liu, B.; Jia, R.; Han, C.; Huang, B.; Lei, J.; (2016). Effects of stocking density on antioxidant status, metabolism and immune response in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Comp Biochem Physiol; 190: 1-8.

Lupatsch, I.; Santos, G.; Schrama, J.; Verreth, JAJ.; (2010). Effect of stocking density and feeding level on energy expenditure and stress responsiveness in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture; 298: 245-250.

MacKenzie, D.S.; (1988) Thyroid function in red drum. Contrib.Mar. Sci. Supp. 30: 139-146.

Mommsen, TP.; Vijayan, MM.; Moon, TW.; (1999). Cortisol in teleosts: dynamics, mechanisms of action, and metabolic regulation. Rev. Fish Biol; 9: 211-268.

Monteiro, S.M.; Mancera, J.M.; Fontainhas-Fernandes, A.; Sousa, M.; (2005). Copper induced alterations of biochemical parameters in the gill and plasma of (Oreochromis niloticus). Comp Biochem Physiol C; 141:375-383.

Montero, D.; Izquierdo, M.; Tort, L.; (1999). High stocking density produces crowding stress altering some physiological and biochemical parameters in gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata, juveniles. Fish Physiol Biochem; 20: 53-60.

Nelson, D.L.; Cox, M.M.; (2005). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 4th ed.; WH Freeman and Co. New York. 1013p.

North, B.P.; Turnbull, J.F.; Ellis, T.; Porter, M.J.; Migaud, H.; Bron, J.; Bromage, N.R.; (2006). The impact of stocking density on the welfare of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture; 255: 466-479.

Ortuno, J.; Angeles Esteban, M.; Meseguer, J.; (2002) Lack of effect of combining different stressors on innate immune responses of sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). Vet Immunol Immunopathol; 84: 17-27.

Pankhurst, N.W.; (2011). The endocrinology of stress in fish: an environmental perspective. Gen Comp Endocrinol; 170: 265-275.

Pickering, A.D.; Pottinger, T.G.; (1989). Stress responses and disease resistance in salmonid fish: effects of chronic elevation of plasma cortisol. Fish Physiol Biochem; 7: 253-258.

Peres H.; Santos, S.; Oliva-Teles, A.; (2013). Selected plasma biochemistry parameters in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Appl Ichthyol; 29: 630-636.

Peres, H.; Santos, S.; Oliva-Teles, A.; (2014). Blood chemistry profile as indicator of nutritional status in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Fish Physiol Biochem; 40: 1339-1347.

Rafatnezhad, S.; Falahatkar, B.; Tolouei Gilani, M.H.; (2008). Effects of stocking density on haematological parameters, growth and fin erosion of great sturgeon (Huso huso) juveniles. Aquacult Res; 39: 1506-1513.

Reid, SG.; Bernier, NJ.; Perry, SF.; (1998). The adrenergic stress response in fish: control of catecholamine storage and release. Comp Biochem Physiol C, 120: 1-27.

Riche, M.; Weirich, CR.; Wills, PS.; (2013). Stocking density effects on production characteristics and body composition of market size cobia, Rachycentron canadum, reared in recirculating aquaculture systems. J. World Aquacult. Soc.; 44: 259-266.

Ross, N.W.; Firth, K.J.; Wang, A.; Burka, J.F.; Johnson, S.C.; (2000). Changes in hydrolytic enzyme activities of naive Atlantic salmon Salmo salar skin mucus due to infection with the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis and cortisol implantation. Dis Aquat Organ; 41: 43-51

Sadhu, N.; Sharma, S.R.K.; Joseph, S.; Dube, P.; Philipose, K.K.; (2014). Chronic stress due to high stocking density in open sea cage farming induces variation in biochemical and immunological functions in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch). Fish Physiol Biochem; 40: 1105-1113.

Sarder, M.R.I.; Thompson, K.D.; Penman, D.J.; McAndrew, B.J.; (2001) Immune responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) clones: I. non-specific responses. Dev Comp Immunol; 25: 37-6.

Shahsavani, D .; Mohri, M.; Kanani, H.G.; (2010). Determination of normal values of some blood serum enzymes in Acipenser stellatus Pallas. Fish Physiol Biochem; 36, 39-43.

Tavares-Dias, M.; Moraes, FR.; (2007). Haematological and biochemical reference intervals for farmed channel catfish. Fish Biolo; 71: 383-388.

Vargas-Chacoff, L.; Martinez, D.; Oyarzun, R.; Nualart, D.; Olavarria, V.; Yanez, A.; Bertran, C.; Ruiz-Jarabo, I.; Mancera, J.M.; (2014). Combined effects of high stocking density and Piscirickettsia salmonis treatment on the immune system, metabolism and osmoregulatory responses of the Sub-Antarctic Notothenioid fish Eleginops maclovinus. Fish Shellfish Immunol; 40: 424-434.

Velmurugan, B.; Selvanayagam, M.; Cengiz, EI.; Uysal, E.; (2008). Levels of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and protein in tissues of Clarias gariepienus fingerlings exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium chloride. Environ Toxicol; 23: 672-678.

Verburg van Kemenade, B.M.; Nowak, B.; Engelsma, M.Y.; Wyets, F.A.; (1999). Differential effects of cortisol on apoptosis and proliferation of carp lymphocytes from head kidney, spleen and blood. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 9: 405-415.

Wendelaar, B.S.E.; (1997). The stress response in fish. Physiology Review; 77: 591-625.

Yarahmadi, P.; Kolangi Miandare, H.; Hoseinifar, S.H.; Gheysvandi, N.; Akbarzadeh, A.; (2015). The effects of stocking density on hemato-immunological and serum biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquac. Int; 23: 55-63.

 

Keywords

References
Aalimahmoudi, M.; Salehipour Bavarsad, S.; Moghdani, S.; (2015). Effect of different stocking densities on haematological and biochemical parameters of great sturgeon juveniles (Huso huso Linnaeus, 1758). Res. Opin. Anim. Vet. Sci; 5: 348-352.
Ajani, E.K; Setufe, S.B.; Oyebola, O.O.; (2015). Effects of stocking density on haematological functions of juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed varying crud protein levels. Afr. J. Food Sci.; 9: 65-69.
Almeida, J.S.; Meletti, P.C.; Martinez, C.B.; (2005). Acute effects of biochemical parameters of the neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus. Comp Biochem Physiol; 140: 356-363.
Ardiansyah, Fotedar, R.; (2016). Water quality, growth and stress responses of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer Bloch), reared at four different densities in integrated recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquaculture; 458: 113-120.
Ashley, PJ.; (2007). Fish welfare: current issues in aquaculture. Appl Anim Behav Sci; 104: 199-235.
Barcellos, L.J.G.; Volpato, G.L.; Barreto, R.E.; Coldebella, I.; Ferreira, D.; (2011). Chemical communication of handling in fish. Physiol. Behav. 103, 372-375
Barton, B.A.; (2002). Stress in fish: a diversity of response with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integr Comp Biol; 42: 517-525.
Binuramesh, R.; Michael, D.; (2011) Diel variations in selected serum immune parameters in Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish Shellfish Immunol; 30: 824-829
Bolasina, S.; Tagawa, M.; Yamashita, Y.; Tanaka, M.; (2006). Effect of stocking density on growth, digestive enzyme activity and cortisol level in larvae and juveniles of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture; 259: 432-443.
Caipang, C.M.E.; Brinchmann, M.F.; Kiron, V.; (2009). Short-term crowding stress in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L. modulates the humoral immune response. Aquaculture; 295: 110-115.
Calabrese, S.; Nilsen, T.O.; Kolarevic, J.; Ebbesson, L.O.E.; Pedrosa, C.; Fivelstad, S.; Hosfeld, C.; Stefansson, S.O.; Terjesen, B.F.; Takle, H.; Martins, C.I.M.; Sveier, H.; Mathisen, F.; Imsland, AK.; Handeland, SD.; (2017). Stocking density limits for post- molt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) with emphasis on production performance and welfare. Aquaculture; 468: 363-370.
El-Khaldi, A.T.F.; (2010). Effect of different stress factors on some physiological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Sau J of Biol Science; 17: 241-246.
Ellis, T.; North, B.; Scott, AP.; Bromage, N.R.; Porter, M.; Gadd, D.; (2002). The relationships between stocking density and welfare in farmed rainbow trout. Fish Biol; 61: 493-531.
Espelid, S.; Lokken GB.; Steiro, K.; Bogwald, J.; (1996). Effects of cortisol and stress on the immune system in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol; 6: 95-100.
Geven, E.J.W.; Verkaar, F.; Flik, G.; Klaren, P.H.M.; (2006). Experimental hyperthyroidismand central mediators of stress axis and thyroid axis activity in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). J. Mol. Endocrinol; 37: 443-452.
Hasanalipour, A.; Eagderi, S.; Poorbagher, H.; Bahmani, M.; (2013). Effects of stocking density on blood cortisol, glucose and cholesterol levels of immature Siberian Sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869). Turk J Fish Aquat Sci; 13: 01-06.
Herrera, M.; Ruiz-Jarabo, I.; Hachero, I.; Vargas-Chacoff, L.; Amo, A.; Mancera, J.M.; (2012). Stocking density affects growth and metabolic parameters in the brill (Scophthalmus rhombus). Aquac. Int; 20: 1041-1052.
Hoseini, S.M.; Nodeh, A.J., (2013). Changes in blood biochemistry of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus), following exposure to different concentrations of clove solution. Comp Clin Pathol; 22: 9-13.
Hoseini, S.M.; Yousefi, M.; Rajabiesterabadi, H.; Paktinat, M.; (2014). Effect of short-term (0–72 h) fasting on serum biochemical characteristics in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Appl Ichthyol; 30: 569-573.
Iwama, G K.; Vijayan, M M.; Forsyth, RB.; Ackerman, PA.; (1999). Heat shock proteins and physiological stress in fish. Am Zool, 39: 901-909.
Kebus, M.J.; Collins, M.T.; Brownfield, M.S.; Amundson, C.H.; Kayes, T.B.; Malison, JA.; (1992). Effects of rearing density on the stress response and growth of rainbow trout. J. Aquat Anim Health; 4: 1-6.
Kpundeh, M.D.K.; He, J.; Qiang, J.; Hong, Y.; Xu, P.; (2014). Stocking densities and zero culture-water exchange can modulate growth and hemato- immunological functions in juvenile GIFT strain Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Inte J life Scien Res, 2: 114-126.
Kerr, M.G.; (2008). Veterinary laboratory medicine: Clinical biochemistry and haematology. 2nd Edition. Blackwell Science Ltd, London, 368 pp.
Lall, S.P.; (2002). The minerals. In: Fish nutrition, 3rd edn. J. E. Halver and R. W. Hardy (Eds). Academic Press, London, pp. 259-308.
Li, D.; Liu, Z.; Xie, C.; (2012). Effect of stocking density on growth and serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and cortisol in Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii). Fish Physiol Biochem; 38: 511-520.
Liu, B.; Jia, R.; Han, C.; Huang, B.; Lei, J.; (2016). Effects of stocking density on antioxidant status, metabolism and immune response in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Comp Biochem Physiol; 190: 1-8.
Lupatsch, I.; Santos, G.; Schrama, J.; Verreth, JAJ.; (2010). Effect of stocking density and feeding level on energy expenditure and stress responsiveness in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture; 298: 245-250.
MacKenzie, D.S.; (1988) Thyroid function in red drum. Contrib.Mar. Sci. Supp. 30: 139-146.
Mommsen, TP.; Vijayan, MM.; Moon, TW.; (1999). Cortisol in teleosts: dynamics, mechanisms of action, and metabolic regulation. Rev. Fish Biol; 9: 211-268.
Monteiro, S.M.; Mancera, J.M.; Fontainhas-Fernandes, A.; Sousa, M.; (2005). Copper induced alterations of biochemical parameters in the gill and plasma of (Oreochromis niloticus). Comp Biochem Physiol C; 141:375-383.
Montero, D.; Izquierdo, M.; Tort, L.; (1999). High stocking density produces crowding stress altering some physiological and biochemical parameters in gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata, juveniles. Fish Physiol Biochem; 20: 53-60.
Nelson, D.L.; Cox, M.M.; (2005). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 4th ed.; WH Freeman and Co. New York. 1013p.
North, B.P.; Turnbull, J.F.; Ellis, T.; Porter, M.J.; Migaud, H.; Bron, J.; Bromage, N.R.; (2006). The impact of stocking density on the welfare of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture; 255: 466-479.
Ortuno, J.; Angeles Esteban, M.; Meseguer, J.; (2002) Lack of effect of combining different stressors on innate immune responses of sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). Vet Immunol Immunopathol; 84: 17-27.
Pankhurst, N.W.; (2011). The endocrinology of stress in fish: an environmental perspective. Gen Comp Endocrinol; 170: 265-275.
Pickering, A.D.; Pottinger, T.G.; (1989). Stress responses and disease resistance in salmonid fish: effects of chronic elevation of plasma cortisol. Fish Physiol Biochem; 7: 253-258.
Peres H.; Santos, S.; Oliva-Teles, A.; (2013). Selected plasma biochemistry parameters in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Appl Ichthyol; 29: 630-636.
Peres, H.; Santos, S.; Oliva-Teles, A.; (2014). Blood chemistry profile as indicator of nutritional status in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Fish Physiol Biochem; 40: 1339-1347.
Rafatnezhad, S.; Falahatkar, B.; Tolouei Gilani, M.H.; (2008). Effects of stocking density on haematological parameters, growth and fin erosion of great sturgeon (Huso huso) juveniles. Aquacult Res; 39: 1506-1513.
Reid, SG.; Bernier, NJ.; Perry, SF.; (1998). The adrenergic stress response in fish: control of catecholamine storage and release. Comp Biochem Physiol C, 120: 1-27.
Riche, M.; Weirich, CR.; Wills, PS.; (2013). Stocking density effects on production characteristics and body composition of market size cobia, Rachycentron canadum, reared in recirculating aquaculture systems. J. World Aquacult. Soc.; 44: 259-266.
Ross, N.W.; Firth, K.J.; Wang, A.; Burka, J.F.; Johnson, S.C.; (2000). Changes in hydrolytic enzyme activities of naive Atlantic salmon Salmo salar skin mucus due to infection with the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis and cortisol implantation. Dis Aquat Organ; 41: 43-51
Sadhu, N.; Sharma, S.R.K.; Joseph, S.; Dube, P.; Philipose, K.K.; (2014). Chronic stress due to high stocking density in open sea cage farming induces variation in biochemical and immunological functions in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch). Fish Physiol Biochem; 40: 1105-1113.
Sarder, M.R.I.; Thompson, K.D.; Penman, D.J.; McAndrew, B.J.; (2001) Immune responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) clones: I. non-specific responses. Dev Comp Immunol; 25: 37-6.
Shahsavani, D .; Mohri, M.; Kanani, H.G.; (2010). Determination of normal values of some blood serum enzymes in Acipenser stellatus Pallas. Fish Physiol Biochem; 36, 39-43.
Tavares-Dias, M.; Moraes, FR.; (2007). Haematological and biochemical reference intervals for farmed channel catfish. Fish Biolo; 71: 383-388.
Vargas-Chacoff, L.; Martinez, D.; Oyarzun, R.; Nualart, D.; Olavarria, V.; Yanez, A.; Bertran, C.; Ruiz-Jarabo, I.; Mancera, J.M.; (2014). Combined effects of high stocking density and Piscirickettsia salmonis treatment on the immune system, metabolism and osmoregulatory responses of the Sub-Antarctic Notothenioid fish Eleginops maclovinus. Fish Shellfish Immunol; 40: 424-434.
Velmurugan, B.; Selvanayagam, M.; Cengiz, EI.; Uysal, E.; (2008). Levels of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, and protein in tissues of Clarias gariepienus fingerlings exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium chloride. Environ Toxicol; 23: 672-678.
Verburg van Kemenade, B.M.; Nowak, B.; Engelsma, M.Y.; Wyets, F.A.; (1999). Differential effects of cortisol on apoptosis and proliferation of carp lymphocytes from head kidney, spleen and blood. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 9: 405-415.
Wendelaar, B.S.E.; (1997). The stress response in fish. Physiology Review; 77: 591-625.
Yarahmadi, P.; Kolangi Miandare, H.; Hoseinifar, S.H.; Gheysvandi, N.; Akbarzadeh, A.; (2015). The effects of stocking density on hemato-immunological and serum biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquac. Int; 23: 55-63.
 
Experimental animal Biology
Volume 6, Issue 4
June 2018
Pages 75-84
Files
Share
How to cite
Statistics