In collaboration with Payame Noor University and Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology

Document Type : Article

Authors

1 1. Ph.D. Student, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environment, Gorgan University of

2 . Professor, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environment, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

3 . Associate Professor, Urmia Lake Research Institute, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

4 Associate Professor, Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environment, Gorgan University of

Abstract

Nitrification rate of biofilters is influenced by ammonia concentration and levels of ammonia vary in response to feeding time. On the other hand, existence and activity of different groups of bacteria can be expected in the biofilters. Hence in this research, nitrification dynamic of biofilters during day hours and also rules of different biofilteration process (nitrification, denitrification and anamox) in aerobic biofilters of Common carp recirculating aquaculture system were surveyed. To conduct of this research 12 pilot recirculating aquaculture systems with barley straw, wood chip, sponge and PVC pure pipe based biofilters were designed. After activation of biofilters, nitrification rates measured at day 46 and 61 in 4 hour interval and via sampling of granules from biofilters at day 62, nitrification, denitrification and anamox process were surveyed. Results indicated that nitrification rates were different during day hours, as so peak rates observed in related to feeding time. Nitrification rates in batch culture of granules were greater than maximum rates obtained for biofilters established in recirculating aquaculture systems and these granules showed not only nitrification but also denitrification and relatively anamox activities. In conclude by modifying the management of biobilters all biofilteration process of inorganic nitrogen wastes can be useful.

Keywords

Brandes, J. A.; Devol, A. H.; Deutsch, C.; (2007). New developments in the marine nitrogen cycle. Chemical Reviews; 107: 577-589.##Colt, J.; Lamoureux, J.; Patterson, R.; Rogers, G.; (2006). Reporting standards for biofilter performance studies. Aquaculture Engineering; 34: 377-388.##Crab, R.; Avnimelech, Y.; Defoirdt, T.; Bossier, P.; Verstraete, W.; (2007). Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for sustainable production. Aquaculture; 270, 1-14.##FDZ-Polanco, F.; Mndez, E.; Uruena, M. A.; Villaverde, S.; Garcła, P. A.; (2000). Spatial distribution of heterotrophic and nitrifiers in a submerged biofilter for nitrification. Water Research; 34: 4081-4089.##Juretschko, S.; Timmermann, G.; Schmid, M.; Schleifer, K. H.; Pommerening, A.; Koops, H. P.; Wagner, M.; (1998). Combined molecular and conventional analyses of nitrifying bacterium diversity in activated sludge: Nitrosococcus mobilis and Nitrospira-like bacteria as dominant populations. Applied and Environmental Microbiology; 64: 3042-3051.##Kloep, F.; Roske, I.; Neu, R. T.; (2000). Performance and microbial structure of a nitrifying fluidized-bed reactor. Water Research; 34: 311-319.##Lam, P.; Lavik, G.; Jensen, M. M.; van de Vossenberg, J.; Schmid, M.; Woebken, D.; Gutiérrez, D.; Amann, R.; Jetten, M. S. M.; Kuypers, M. M. M.; (2009). Revising the nitrogen cycle in the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America; 106: 4752-4757.##Lahav, O.; Bar Massada, I.; Yackoubov, D.; Zelikson, R.; Mozes, N.; Tal, Y.; Tarre, S.; (2009). Quantification of anammox activity in a denitrification reactor for a recirculating aquaculture system. Aquaculture; 288, 76-82.##Ling, J.; Chen, S.; (2005). Impact of organic carbon on nitrification performance of different biofilters. Aquacultural Engineering; 33(2): 150-162.##Liu, H.; Che, X.; Zhang, Y.; (2013). Performance of sequencing microbead biofilters in a recirculating aquaculture system. Aquacult. Eng.; 52: 80-86.##Michaud, L.; Blancheton, J. P.; Bruni, V.; Piedrahita, R.; (2006). Effect of particulate organic carbon on heterotrophic bacterial populations and nitrification efficiency in biological filters. Aquaculture Engineering; 34: 224-233.##Nguyen, T. T.; Ngo, H. H.; Guo, W.; Johnston, A.; Listowski, A.; (2010). Effects of sponge size and type on the performance of an up-flow sponge bioreactor in primary treated sewage effluent treatment. Bioresource Technology; 101: 1416-1420.##Ohashi, A.; Viraj de Silva, D. G.; Mobarry, B.; Manem, J. A.; Stahl, D. A.; Rittman, B. E.; (1995). Influence of substrate C/N ratio on the structure of multi species biofilms consisting of nitrifiers and heterotrophs. Water Science and Technology; 32: 75-84.##Saliling, W. J. B.; Westerman, P. W.; Losordo, T. M.; (2007). Wood chips and wheat straw as alternative biofilter media for denitrification reactors treating aquaculture and other wastewaters with high nitrate concentrations. Aquacultural Engineering; 37, 222-233.##Schuster, C.; Stelz, H.; (1998). Reduction in the makeup water in semi closed recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquaculture Engineering; 17: 167-174.##Strous, M.; Fuerst, J. H.; Kramer, E. H. M.; Logemann, S.; Muyzer, G.; van de Psa-Schoonen, K. T.; Webb, R.; Kuenen, J. G.; Jetten, M. S. M.; (1999). Missing lithotroph identified as new planctomycete. Nature; 400: 446-449.##Tal, Y.; Watts, J. E. M.; Schreier, S. B.; Sowers, K. R.; Schreier, H. J.; (2003). Characterization of the microbial community and nitrogen transformation process associated with moving bed bioreactors in a closed recirculatedmariculture system. Aquaculture; 215: 187-202.##Tal, Y.; Watts, J. E. M.; Schreier, H. J.; (2006). Anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (Anammox) bacteria and associated activity in fixed film biofilters of a marine recirculating aquaculture system. Applied and Environmental Microbiology; 72: 2896-2904.##Timmons, M. B.; Ebeling, J. M.; (2007). Recirculating aquaculture. Cayuga Aqua Ventures, New York, 769 p.##Van Rijn, J.; (1996). The potential for integrated biological treatment systems in recirculating fish culture. Aquaculture; 139: 181-201.##Van Rijn, J.; Tal, Y.; Schreier, H. J.; (2006). Denitrification in recirculating systems: Theory and applications. Aquaculture Engineering; 34: 364-376##Zhang, C.; Bishop, P.; (1994). Evaluation of tortuosity and effective diffusivities in biofilms. Water Research; 28(11): 2279-2287.##Zhu, S.; Chen, S.; (2002). Impact of temperature on nitrification rate in fixed film biofilters. Aquacultural Engineering; 26: 221-237.##