In collaboration with Payame Noor University and Iranian Society of Physiology and Pharmacology

Document Type : Article

Author

Department of Biology, ‎Faculty of ‎Science, Golestan University, ‎Golestan, Iran

10.30473/eab.2026.77436.2029

Abstract

In recent years, diet has attracted much attention due to its role in human health and its connection with diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension. Adiponectin is produced in white adipose tissue and increases fat oxidation, reduces fatty acid levels and triglyceride content, and increases insulin sensitivity. Calorie restriction, which is the consumption of 20 to 40 percent of the usual daily calories while maintaining adequate intake of other nutrients, increases lifespan and delays the onset of various diseases. Enalapril is a blood pressure-lowering drug. This factor also reduces leptin in the body. The animals used were male rats weighing 250 grams, which were kept in accordance with research recommendations under appropriate conditions of 12-hour light periods and a temperature of 18-22 degrees. Then, they were divided into 4 groups: control group, calorie restriction group, enalapril group, and calorie restriction group with enalapril. Considering the above, we decided to investigate the effects of calorie restriction in the presence of enalapril on adiponectin. Calorie restriction significantly increased adiponectin (P≤0.5), and the simultaneous use of these two factors had a greater effect (P≤0.001). The effect of calorie restriction with enalapril on reducing blood sugar was significant (p≤0.01), while enalapril alone had no significant effect. Thus, calorie restriction with enalapril, by increasing insulin sensitivity and reducing inflammatory factors, significantly increased adiponectin and reduced blood sugar, which was greater than the effect of each separately.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Burchill, L. J., Velkoska, E., Dean, R. G., Griggs, K., Patel, S. K., & Burrell, L. M. (2012). Combination renin–angiotensin system blockade and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in experimental myocardial infarction: Implications for future therapeutic directions. Clinical Science, 123(11), 649–658. DOI: 10.1042/CS20120162
Dorling, J. L., Martin, C. K., & Redman, L. M. (2020). Calorie restriction for enhanced longevity: The role of novel dietary strategies in the present obesogenic environment. Ageing Research Reviews, 64, 101038. DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101038
DuPriest, E. A., Lin, B., Kupfer, P., Sekiguchi, K., Bhusari, A., Quackenbush, A., Celebic, A., Morgan, T. K., Purnell, J. Q., & Bagby, S. P. (2018). Effects of postweaning calorie restriction on accelerated growth and adiponectin in nutritionally programmed microswine offspring. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 315(2), R354–R368. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00162.2017
Engin, A. B. (2017). The pathogenesis of obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 960, 221–245. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_9
Falahnezhad Mojarad, A., Amini, N., & SeyyedAshour, S. (2024). Effect of eight weeks of intense interval training and self-obesity on serum lipid peroxidation status and adiponectin gene expression in obese male Wistar rats. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 32(2), 7525–7540. DOI: 10.18502/ssu.v32i2.15385
Gable, D. R., Hurel, S. J., & Humphries, S. E. (2006). Adiponectin and its gene variants as risk factors for insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis, 188(2), 231–244. DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.02.010
Gil-Campos, M., Cañete, R., & Gil, Á. (2004). Adiponectin, the missing link in insulin resistance and obesity. Clinical Nutrition, 23(5), 963–974. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2004.04.010
Gresl, T. A., Colman, R. J., Roecker, E. B., Havighurst, T. C., Huang, Z., Allison, D. B., Bergman, R. N., & Kemnitz, J. W. (2001). Dietary restriction and glucose regulation in aging rhesus monkeys: A follow-up report at 8.5 yr. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 281(4), E757–E765. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.4.E757
Han, Y., Sun, Q., Chen, W., Gao, Y., Ye, J., Chen, Y., Wang, T., Gao, L., Liu, Y., & Yang, Y. (2024). New advances of adiponectin in regulating obesity and related metabolic syndromes. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 14(5), 100913. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.12.003
Jafari, V. H., & Molodi, J. (2023). Comparison of the effects of the DASH diet with a low-calorie diet on serum level of spexin, leptin, and adiponectin in overweight and obese adults: Clinical trial. Journal of Isfahan Medical School, 41(40), 920–928.
Khoramipour, K., Chamari, K., Hekmatikar, A. A., Ziyaiyan, A., Taherkhani, S., Elguindy, N. M., & Bragazzi, N. L. (2021). Adiponectin: Structure, physiological functions, role in diseases, and effects of nutrition. Nutrients, 13(4), 1180. DOI: 10.3390/nu13041180
Liu, D., Huang, Y., Huang, C., Yang, S., Wei, X., Zhang, P., Guo, D., Lin, J., Xu, B., Li, C., He, H., He, J., Liu, S., Shi, L., Xue, Y., & Zhang, H. (2022). Calorie restriction with or without time-restricted eating in weight loss. New England Journal of Medicine, 386(16), 1495–1504. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2114833
Madsen, E. L., Rissanen, A., Bruun, J. M., Skogstrand, K., Tonstad, S., Hougaard, D. M., & Richelsen, B. (2008). Weight loss larger than 10% is needed for general improvement of levels of circulating adiponectin and markers of inflammation in obese subjects: A 3-year weight loss study. European Journal of Endocrinology, 158(2), 179–187. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-07-0721
Meilleur, K. G., Doumatey, A. P., Huang, H., Charles, B., Chen, G., Zhou, J., Shriner, D., Adeyemo, A., & Rotimi, C. N. (2010). Circulating adiponectin is associated with obesity and serum lipids in West Africans. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 95(7), 3517–3521.
Mitchell, C. S., Premaratna, S. D., Bennett, G., Lambrou, M., Stahl, L. A., Jois, M., Barber, E., Antoniadis, C. P., Woods, S. C., Cameron-Smith, D., Weisinger, R. S., & Begg, D. P. (2021). Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system reduces gene expression of inflammatory mediators in adipose tissue independent of energy balance. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, 682726. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.682726
Ratliff, J. C., Mutungi, G., Puglisi, M. J., Volek, J. S., & Fernandez, M. L. (2008). Eggs modulate the inflammatory response to carbohydrate-restricted diets in overweight men. Nutrition & Metabolism, 5, 6. DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-5-6
Saiedinejad, E., Taheri Kalani, A., & Fatahi, F. (2023). The effects of concurrent training and calorie restriction on anti-inflammatory adipokines and insulin sensitivity in obese women with fatty liver. Daneshvar Medicine: Basic and Clinical Research Journal, 31(2), 56–67. DOI: 10.22070/daneshmed.2023.17509.133
Shapuri, M., & Gholami, M. (2024). The effect of eight weeks functional exercise training and low-carbohydrate diet on the level of adiponectin, CRP and lipid profile. Journal of Basic Science Research in Medical Sciences, 11(1), 9–21.
Spindler, S. R., & Dhahbi, J. M. (2003). Protein turnover, energy metabolism, aging, and caloric restriction. Advances in Cell Aging and Gerontology, 14, 69–86. DOI: 10.1016/S1566-3124(03)14004-7