Document Type : Article
Authors
1 M.A. in Plant Protection, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, 98613-35856, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, 8613-35856, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, 8613-35856, Iran
Abstract
Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari:Tetranychidae), is one of the most important pests in plants, especially crops that it has high reproduction and ability to develop resistance to chemical pesticides. Considering the increasing of environmental pollution due to chemical pesticides, the use of plant extracts has received much attention as an alternative method due to their acaricidal activity. Therefore, this experiment was performed to determine the chemical compounds of Momordica charantia fruit extract and toxicity of hexane and ethanolic extracts of this plant on adults of two-spotted spider mite in a completely randomized design with the control in four replications for fumigant and contact toxicities and repellent activity. After 24 hours, the mortality of mites was recorded. The results of bioassays showed that the mortality rate of mites and the repellent effect elevated with increasing the concentration of M. charantia extracts. The hexane extract of M. charantia at the concentration of 1000 μg/cm2 had the highest mortality (75.56%) in contact toxicity. Ethanolic extract at the concentration of 1000 μl/l air had the highest mortality (79.89%) of mite in fumigant toxicity. The repellent effect increased to 80%, 5 hours after application of ethanolic extract by increasing the concentration from 200 μl. In M. charantia fruit extract, sixteen different compounds were identified in which monoterpenoids, linalool oxide, limonene oxide, and 8-hydroxilinalool, had the highest amount. Therefore, the ethanolic extract of M. charantia in high concentrations can be recommended due to its monoterpenoids to protect plants, especially crops, against two-spotted spider mite.
Keywords
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Adesanya, A. W.; Lavine, M. D.; Moural, T. W.; Lavine, L. C.; Zhu, F.; & Walsh, D.B. (2021). Mechanisms and management of acaricide resistance for Tetranychus urticae in agroecosystems. Journal of Pest Science; 94(3): 639-663.
Ahmed, M.; Peiwen, Q.; Gu, Z.; Liu, Y.; Sikandar, A.; Hussain D. et al. (2020). Insecticidal activity and biochemical composition of Citrullus colocynthis, Cannabis indica and Artemisia argyi extracts against cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.). Scientific Reports; 10: 522.
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El-Khayat, E.F.; Rady, G.H.; Abdel-Zahar, T.R.; Omar, M.O.; & Kalmosh, F.S. (2014). Repellency and toxicity effect of some leaf extracts of Aloe vera L. against adult females of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Global Journal of Environmental Sciences and Toxicology; 1: 145-155.
Farahani, S.; Bandani, A.R.; & Amiri, A. (2020). Toxicity and repellency effects of three essential oils on two populations of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). Persian Journal of Acarology; 9(1): 67-81.
Ileke, K.D.; & Ogungbite, O.C. (2014). Entomocidal activity of powders and extracts of four medicinal plants against Sitophilus oryzae (L), Oryzaephilus mercator (Faur) and Ryzopertha dominica (Fabr.). Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences; 7(1): 57-62.
Kaveh, M.; Poorjavad, N.; & Khajehal, J. (2014). Evaluation of contact toxicity of ten essential oils from Lamiaceae plants against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Plant Pest Research; 4(3): 39-49. (in Persian).
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Abbott, W. S. (1925). A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology; 18(1): 265-266.
Adesanya, A. W.; Lavine, M. D.; Moural, T. W.; Lavine, L. C.; Zhu, F.; & Walsh, D. B. (2021). Mechanisms and management of acaricide resistance for Tetranychus urticae in agroecosystems. Journal of Pest Science; 94(3): 639-663.
Ahmed, M.; Peiwen, Q.; Gu, Z.; Liu, Y.; Sikandar, A.; Hussain D. et al. (2020). Insecticidal activity and biochemical composition of Citrullus colocynthis, Cannabis indica and Artemisia argyi extracts against cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.). Scientific Reports; 10: 522.
Beynaghi, S.; Kheradmand, K.; Asgari, S.; & Sheikhi Garjan, A. (2015). Sublethal Effects of Cuminum cyminum and Eugenia caryophyllata essential oils on two–spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. Applied Entomology and Phytopathology; 82(2): 81-90. (in Persian).
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Ileke, K.D.; & Ogungbite, O.C. (2014). Entomocidal activity of powders and extracts of four medicinal plants against Sitophilus oryzae (L), Oryzaephilus mercator (Faur) and Ryzopertha dominica (Fabr.). Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences; 7(1): 57-62.
Kaveh, M.; Poorjavad, N.; & Khajehal, J. (2014). Evaluation of contact toxicity of ten essential oils from Lamiaceae plants against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Plant Pest Research; 4(3): 39-49. (in Persian).
Kumar, S. R.; Ashish, J.; & Satish, N. (2011). Momordica charantia Linn: A mini review. International Journal of Biomedical Researc; 2(11): 579-587.
Le Goff, G.; Mailleux, A. C.; Detrain, C.; Deneubourg, J. L.; Clotuche, G.; & Hance, T. (2009). Spatial distribution and inbreeding in Tetranychus urticae. Comptes Rendus Biologies; 332(10): 927-933.
Mosavi, S. GH.; Abravan, P.; & Bandani A.R. (2014). Acaricidal effect of Eucalyptus comondulensis and Conocarpus erectus leaf extracts on Tetranychus urticae; The First National Conference on Stable Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tehran, Iran. (in Persian).
Mozaffari, F.; Abbasipour, H.; Sheikhi Garjan, A.; Saboori, A.R.; & Mahmoudvand, M. (2012). Various effects of ethanol extract of Mentha pulegium on the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) (Tetranychidae). Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection; 45(11): 1347-1355. (in Persian).
Negahban, M.; Moharramipour, S.; & Sefidkon, F. (2007). Fumigant toxicity of essential oil from Artemisia sieberi Besser against three stored-product insects. Journal of Stored Products Research; 43: 123-128.
Ngegba, P. M.; Cui, G.; Khalid, M. Z. & Zhong, G. (2022). Use of Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture as an Alternative to Synthetic Pesticides. Agriculture; 12(5): 600.
Obembe, O.M.; & Ojo, D.O. (20180. Toxicity and oviposition inhibitory effect of extract and powder of Momordica charantia leaf against Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on stored cowpea seed. Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology Discovery; 3(3): 65-70.
Rahman, M.M.; & Schmidt, G.H. (1999). Effect of Acorus calamus (Aceraceae) essential oil vaporous from various origins on Callosobruchus phaseoli (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Journal of Stored Products Research; 35: 285-295.
Reichert, W.; Ejercito, J.; Guda, T.; Dong, X.; Wu, Q.; Ray, A. et al. (2019). Repellency assessment of Nepeta cataria essential oils and isolated Nepetalactones on Aedes aegypti. Scientific reports; 9(1): 1524.
Ribeiro, N.C.; da Camara, C.A.G.; Melo, J.P.R.; & de Moraes, M.M. (2019). Acaricidal properties of essential oils from agro-industrial waste products from citric fruit against Tetranychus urticae. Journal of Applied Entomology; 143(7): 731-743.
Rincón, R. A.; Rodríguez, D.; & Coy-Barrera, E. (2019). Botanicals against Tetranychus urticae Koch under laboratory conditions: A survey of alternatives for controlling pest mites. Plants; 8(8): 272.
Sabouri, A.; Faraji, F.; & Zahedi Golpayegani, A. (2009). Mites of greenhouse; identification, biology and control.Tehran university Press,Tehran. (in Persian).
Salehi, F.; Karimi, J.; Kordenaeej, A.; & Askarianzadeh, A. (2016). The effect of oil of black cumin seeds and yarrow on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). The First National Conference on Agricultural Management Using the Agricultural Model, Hamedan, Iran. 9 PP. (In Persian).
Sarraf Muayeri, H. R.; Pirayeshfar, F.; & Kavousi, O. (2013). Repellency effect of three herbal essential oils on the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. Iranian Journal of Plant Protection Science; 44(1): 103-112. (in Persian).
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Wahyutami, C. T.; & Aisyah, S. N. (2022). Insecticidal Activity of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) Leaf Extract on Mung Bean Weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis L.). In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science; (Vol. 985, No. 1, p. 012053). IOP Publishing.
Wakgari, M.; & Yigezu, G. (2018). Evaluation of some botanical extracts against two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychidae: Tetranychus urticae Koch) under laboratory condition. Ethiopian Journal of Science; 41(1): 1-7.
Wang, Z., Cang, T., Wu, S., Wang, X., Qi, P., Wang, X. & Zhao, X. (2018). Screening for suitable chemical acaricides against two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae, on greenhouse strawberries in China. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety; 163: 63-68.
Wardhani, T.; Abadi, A.L.; Himawan, T.; & Am, A. (2015). Composition of water extract from wild bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) fruit for application as antifeedant and mortality test on armyworm larvae (Spodoptera litura Fab.). Journal of Biology and Life Science; 6(2): 172-192.
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