Document Type : Article
Author
Associate Professor, Department of Plant Protection, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Abstract
Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae) are the powerful parasitoids of whiteflies and armored scales (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae, Diaspididae) in most regions of the world which have efficient role in biological control of these pests in fields, orchards and greenhouses. The fauna of Encarsia was studied in Golestan province (Northern Iran) by collecting their main hosts, whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), and rearing of hosts in optimum condition. In total, 12 Encarsia species including, Encarsia acaudaleyrodis Hayat, 1976, Encarsia auranti (Howard, 1894), Encarsia azimi Hayat, 1986, Encarsia berlesei (Howard, 1906), Encarsia elegans Masi, 1911, Encarsia fasciata (Malenotti, 1917), Encarsia formosa Gahan, 1924, Encarsia inaron (Walker, 1839), Encarsia lounsburyi (Berlese & Paoli, 1916), Encarsia lutea (Masi, 1909), Encarsia mineoi Viggiani, 1982 and Encarsia perniciosi (Tower, 1913) were collected and identified. In this investigation, additionally to the faunistic study on Encarsia in Golestan province, synonymies, distribution, descriptions and identification key of species are given.
Keywords
REFERENCES
Abd-Rabou, S.; Ghahari, H.; (2004). A revision of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) species from Iran. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research; 82(2): 647-684.
Abd-Rabou, S.; Ghahari, H.; (2007). Key to the Encarsia species-groups and species-groups Eretmocerus with a list of specialists of Encarsia and Eretmocerus of the world. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica-Hungarica; 42(2): 361-366.
Ale-Mansoor, H.; (1992). Distribution, host range, and natural enemies of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Fars province. M.Sc thesis, Shiraz University; 228 pp. [in Persian, English summary]
Babcock, C. S.; Heraty, J. M; (2000). Molecular markers distinguishing Encarsia formosa and Encarsia luteola (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America; 93: 738-744.
De Bach, P.; Rosen, D.; (1991). Biological control by natural enemies. Cambridge University Press; 440 pp.
Evans, G. A.; (2007). Parasitoids (Hymenoptera) associated with whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) of the world. USDA/Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Version 070202, February 2; 173 pp.
Evans, G. A.; Polaszek, A.; Bennett, F. D.; (1995). The taxonomy of Encarsia flavoscutellum species-group (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitoids of Hormaphididae (Homoptera: Aphidoidea). Oriental Insect; 29: 33-45.
Evans, G. A.; Polaszek, A.; (1997). Additions to the Encarsia parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from Costa Rica. Florida Entomologists; 79: 582-586.
Ghahari, H.; Hatami, B.; (2000). Study on natural enemies of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Isfahan province. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran; 20(1): 1-24. [in Persian, English Summary]
Ghahari, H.; Ostovan, H.; (2006). Predator arthropods’ fauna of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Mazandaran and Golestan Provinces and their feeding efficiency. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources Science; 12(6): 171-180 [in Persian with English Summary].
Ghahari, H.; Huang, J.; Abd-Rabou, S.; Ostovan, H.; Wang, Z. H.; (2006). Contribution to the Iranian Platygastridae, Eulophidae and Aphelinidae as the parasitoids of whiteflies. Entomological Journal of East China; 15(3): 166-170.
Ghahari, H.; Abd-Rabou, S.; Ostovan, H.; Samin, N.; (2007). Whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and their host plants in Golestan province, Iran. Plant and Ecosystem; 12: 17-28 [in Persian, English summary].
Ghahari, H.; Huang, J.; Abd-Rabou, S.; (2011). A contribution to the Encarsia and Eretmocerus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) species from the Arasbaran Biosphere Reserve and vicinity, northwestern Iran. Archives of Biological Science Belgrade; 63(3): 867-878.
Hayat, M.; (1989). A revision of the species of Encarsia Forster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from India and the adjacent countries. Oriental Insects; 23: 1-131.
Hayat, M.; (1998). Aphelinidae of India (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): a taxonomic revision. Memoirs on Entomology. International; 13: 1- 416.
Heraty, J. M.; Polaszek, A.; (2000). Morphometric analysis and descriptions of selected species in the Encarsia streanua group (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research; 9: 142-169.
Heraty, J. M.; Woolley, J.; Polaszek, A.; (2007). Catalog of the Encarsia of the world. (a work in progress). Unpublished data; 87 pp. Available at: cache.ucr.edu/~heraty/Encarsia.cat.pdf
Hoddle, M.S.; Van Driesche, R.G.; Sanderson, J.P.; (1998). Biology and use of the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa. Annual Review of Entomology; 43: 645-69.
Huang, J.; Polaszek, A.; (1998). A revision of the Chinese species of Encarsia Forster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): Parasitoids of whiteflies. Scale insects and aphids (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae, Diaspididae, Aphidoidea). Journal of Natural History; 32: 1825-1966.
Hunter, M. S.; Rose, M.; Polaszek, A.; (1996). Divergent host relationships of males and females in the parasitoid Enearsia porteri (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Annalsof theEntomological SocietyofAmerica; 89: 667-675.
Krishnan, B.; David, B. V.; (1996). Records and descriptions of some aphelinid parasitoids of Aleyrodidae (Homoptera: Insecta) from India. JAI Research Foundation. Valvada 396 108, Gujarat, India; pp. 1-47.
Lopez-Avila, A.; (1987). Two new species of Encarsia Forster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from Pakistan, Associated with the cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research; 77: 425-430.
Moghaddam, M.; (2013). An annotated checklist of the scale insects of Iran (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccoidea) with new records and distribution data. ZooKeys; 334:1-92.
Noyes, J. S.; (1982). Collecting and preserving chalcid wasps (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Journal of Natural History; 16: 315-334.
Polaszek, A.; Evans, G. A.; Bennett, F. D.; (1992). Encarsia parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae, Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): a preliminary guide to identification. Bulletin of Entomological Research; 82: 375-392.
Polaszek, A.; Abd-Rabou, S.; Huang, J.; (1999). The Egyptian species of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): a preliminary review. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden; 73(6): 131-163.
Schauff, M. E.; Evans, G. A.; Heraty, J. M.; (1996). A pictorial guide to the species of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitic of whiteflies (Homoptero: Aleyrodidae) in North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington; 98: 1-35.
Schmidt, S.; Naumann, I. D.; De Barro, P. J.; (2001). Encarsia species (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) of Australia and the pacific Islands attacking Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptero: Aleyrodidae) - a pictorial key and descriptions of four new species. Bulletin of Entomological Research; 91: 369-387.
Trjapitzin, V. A.; Myartseva, S. N.; Yasnosh, V. A.; (1996). Parasites of whiteflies (Homoptero: Aleyrodidae) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent countries. Entomological reviews; 76: 51-74.
Williams, T.; Polaszek, A.; (1996). A re- examination of host relations in the Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Biological Journalof theLinnean Society; 57: 35-45.
Yasnosh, V. A.; (1989). Species of the genus Encarsia Foerster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) - Parasites of aleyrodids in the USSR. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, Leningrad; 191: 109-121.
)